Gushee, Lawrence
Black Musicians in New Orleans c1880
Inter-American Music Review, 11-2, 1991, p. 53-64
Sadie, Stanley
Hitchcock, H. Wiley
The new Grove dictionary of American music
edited by H. Wiley Hitchcock and Stanley Sadie
New York, N.Y. : Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986. 4 v.
Southern, Eileen
Readings in black American music
Second edition
Compiled and edited by Eileen Southern
New York: W.W. Norton, 1983, 338 p.
Southern, Eileen
Biographical dictionary of Afro-American and African musicians
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, 478 p.
Sadie, Stanley
The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians
Bio-bibliographical index of musicians in the United States of America since colonial times
Prepared by the District of Columbia Historical Records Survey Division of Community Service Programs Works project Administration
Washington, DC: 1941, 439 p.